Hi Andreas,
Generally you should use the new Web.config and restore customizations, though I don't think that is causing the issues in this case.
Did you visit the /Setup/Default.aspx page?
If your db doesn't have anything top secret, can you create an admin login for me and then send me a copy of your db in a .zip file so I can debug it here? joe dot audette at g mail dot com
Best,
Joe