No, there is nothing built in for that kind of functionality so there is no trivial way to do it.
One could put a div with a specific id in the layout.master file of the skin then include javascript in the blog post to load an image there but again that is not trivial or user friendly.
One could also use different skins on different pages and each skin can have different images in the header but the blog does not use different skins per post it uses whatever skin is assigned to the cms page the contains the blog.