There are a few settings in Web.config for showing/hiding a few fields in member list, but no you cannot show custom user profile properties there.
Custom properties are not part of the mp_User table but come from key value pairs in mp_UserProperties. To show those fields would require a join to that table for each field you wanted to show. It could possibly be done by implementing a custom member list page but it is not something we plan to support in the box.
Best,
Joe